Evolution 7 Liebig and Wöhler
Today we know that chemicals of life follow the same rules as chemicals in a laboratory, but in the early nineteenth century that was not so obvious, In 1828, several decades after Lavoisier, two German scientists Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) and Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882) discovered the first chemical, which had been known only in organisms, but could also be made in outside an organism.
In 1825 Liebig synthesized silver fulminate and Wöhler synthesized silver cyanate The two compounds have the same composition, but different characteristics. Liebig’s silver fulminate is explosive, but Wöhler’s silver cyanate, is not. That was the first time that anyone had found a compound with two sets of properties. The discovery led chemists to suspect that substances are defined not simply by the number and kind of atoms in the molecule but also by the arrangement of those atoms. Today chemists have a word, isomers, for chemicals with the same composition but different shape.
In 1828 Wöhler accidently synthesized urea when he was attempting to synthesize ammonium cyanate. He realized that he had imitated nature, and he sounds excited when he wrote in a letter, “I can no longer, so to speak, hold my chemical water and must tell you that I can make urea without needing a kidney, whether of man or dog; the ammonium salt of cyanic acid is urea.”
The fact that the shape of chemicals affects characteristics has been found to be important in how living chemistry works. The fact that urea, which had previously only been made in kidneys and can be made in a laboratory, means that the chemistry of living things follows the rules of the chemistry of nonliving things.
http://www.chemheritage.org/discove...-structure-and-bonding/liebig-and-wohler.aspx